精神分裂症大脑到底发生了什么？精神病患者心中有什么变化?

众所周知，精神病患者可能有暴力倾向，而且往往是犯罪行为。

但是，这种行为的神经机制仍然难以捉摸。

然而，新的研究揭示了神经回路可能会推动精神病学行为。

精神病患者心中有什么变化?

从专业的神经科学研究到流行的心理学书籍，这个头痛的问题多年来一直专注于科学家、伦理学家和记者。

虽然知道精神病患者有时表现出暴力或类似犯罪行为，但这种病症的神经学基础仍然是一个谜。

但来自马萨诸塞州剑桥大学哈佛大学研究人员的团队，由心理学副约书亚·巴克霍茨率领，如今开始试图破解这个迷。Buckholtz和他的团队通过检查威斯康辛州两个中等监狱的近50名囚犯的脑部扫描，研究了精神病患者采取什么行动，以及什么驱使他们的决策。

我们可能还不知道精神病患者的心情如何，但是新发现( DisruptedPrefrontal Regulation of Striatal Subjective Value Signals inPsychopathy .Volume95, Issue 1, p221–231.e4, 5 July 2017)发表在“ Neuron”杂志上，可能会帮助我们了解脑部发生什么。

正如作者所解释的，以前的研究已经指出了冲动--反社会因子与脑中奖励预测回路之间的联系，如通过血氧水平依赖性信号测量的。

例如，一些研究发现，在具有冲动-反社会症状的青少年以及精神病患者中，纹状体灰质的数量较多。

此外，Buckholtz和研究小组在之前的一项研究中表明，冲击反社会评估量表与多巴胺释放回路强烈相关，并且与奖励预期相关的领域增加脑活动。

所有这些研究都向研究人员提出，精神病学行为可能与多巴胺过度传播和纹状体中更强的“功能反应性”相关。所以他们开始调查他们的假设是否正确。

作为研究的一部分，有49名囚犯在使用移动扫描仪扫描大脑时，要求完成所谓的延迟满足度测试。在测试中，参与者必须选择立即收到少量的钱，稍后给予更大的金额。

然后，研究人员估计了向参与者提供的两个选项中的每一个的主观价值。这些主观价值的总和部分归功于灵长类动物研究中的一个模型。该模型使科学家能够测量参与者的选择的冲动性，以及检测对于判断这些选择的价值至关重要的大脑区域。

精神病作为“脑功能障碍”

Buckholtz解释说：“精神病患者程度越重，纹状体反应的程度就越大。“这表明，他们计算价值奖励的方式是失调的-他们可能会超过立即奖励的价值。

实验证实了科学家的假设。Buckholtz和研究小组发现，在精神病学测试中得分非常高的囚犯在一个称为腹侧纹状体的脑区域中表现出较高的活动性，这是评估即时奖励的区域关键。

通常，大脑腹侧纹状体中的活动也被另一个称为腹内侧前额叶皮质(vmPFC)的脑区调节。这一领域涉及到社会和道德决策，恐惧学习和偏爱反应。vmPFC还负责将未来我们的行动和决策的后果进行投射的能力。因此，vmPFC可以控制纹状体如何表示奖励的价值，没有这种规定，奖励的价值可能会被高估。

Buckholtz和团队绘制了连接到腹侧纹状体的几个脑区域，以了解它们如何影响决策，并发现vmPFC与腹侧纹状体之间的连通性减弱。Buckholtz解释说：“我们发现纹状体与腹侧内侧前额皮层之间的联系在精神病患者身上要弱得多。“如果你打破任何人的这种联系，他们将开始做出不好的选择，因为他们不会有这样的信息，否则将指导他们的决策更适应性的结束。”

重要的是，皮质软骨细胞连通性较弱的效果非常清楚，研究人员能够预测囚犯每人收到的刑事定罪数量。

关于精神分裂症，你还想了解更多吗?下面北京德胜门精神科给大家推荐一篇国外的文献阅读，希望您对精神分裂症有更多的了解。

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by gross distortion of reality, language disturbances, fragmentation of thought and other troubling symptoms. The cost of caring for schizophrenic patients comes to more than $17 billion per year in this country -- but this figure can never capture the emotional cost borne by patients and their families. While schizophrenia is often made worse by stress, it is not caused by bad parenting, "cold" or over-involved mothers, or any other known psychological factor. Rather, schizophrenia probably stems from a combination of genetic factors, biochemical abnormalities in the brain and perhaps very early damage to the developing fetus. Nevertheless, emotional stress -- including pressure from well-meaning family members -- can make the illness worse. What can families do to help their schizophrenic relatives, and to cope with this devastating illness?

Education is certainly paramount. Many parents still blame themselves for causing their son's or daughter's illness; others accuse the afflicted family member of laziness or self-indulgence. This sort of assigning blame is founded in error, and can make matters worse for the individual with schizophrenia. For example, when a family member tells the sufferer, "You don't need those lousy medications! You need to pull yourself together and get a job!" he or she may mean well, but may actually do more harm than good. Individuals with schizophrenia virtually always need to take antipsychotic medication -- they cannot "pull themselves up by their bootstraps" through an act of will.

On the other hand, babying or coddling a family member with schizophrenia is also unhelpful. There is a realistic middle ground that can be reached through family education and support. This can come from mental-health professionals, mental-health advocacy groups and from patients themselves.

Medication and Job Counseling

Use of the latest "atypical" antipsychotic medications, such as clozapine (Clozaril) and olanzapine (Zyprexa), has made a big difference for many individuals with schizophrenia. These newer medications are better tolerated than older agents like haloperidol (Haldol) and work on a wider range of symptoms. Families can advocate for the use of these newer agents, and encourage their loved ones with schizophrenia to take their medications on a regular basis. But medication is not the whole story.

CONTINUED

While it is foolish to "push" schizophrenic individuals into high-pressure jobs for which they may not be ready, it is also unwise to assume that schizophrenia amounts to a permanent disability. Many individuals with this illness can rejoin the workforce, with appropriate vocational rehabilitation and lots of emotional support.

In fact, a recent study by Dr. R.E. Drake and colleagues at Dartmouth Medical School found that many patients get into the job market faster than was once thought. Rather than getting "stalled" in the usual sheltered workshops, the patients in this study were able to secure competitive jobs quite rapidly, and hold these jobs. This was probably because the patients received ongoing counseling, transportation assistance and help in dealing with their employers.

The Right Kind of Therapy

The right kind of psychotherapy is also important. Individuals with schizophrenia need to learn how to cope with the realities of their illness. In this regard, family members can be a tremendous help. Dr. M.I. Herz and colleagues at the University of Rochester conducted an 18-month study in 1995 of 82 schizophrenic outpatients at high risk for relapse. Forty-one patients were randomly assigned to "standard treatment" and 41 to "early-intervention treatment" (EIT). The latter consisted of weekly group or individual sessions, in which coping skills were emphasized, as well as reporting any changes in symptoms over the preceding week. Patients and family members were also taught about schizophrenia and how to recognize very early signs of a psychotic relapse.

When such signs were reported, more frequent office visits and/or adjustment of medications would occur. Results showed that patients in the standard treatment group were hospitalized for a total of 351 days, vs. only 73 days for those in EIT. Thus, family members who are educated about schizophrenia can make a big difference in the lives of their loved ones.

Finally, family members can join and support mental-health advocacy groups like the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI), which provides important services to both patients and their families.

Facts about Mental Illness

Mental illnesses are physical brain disorders that profoundly disrupt a person's ability to think, feel and relate to others and their environment.

Mental illness is more common than cancer, diabetes or heart disease.

In any given year, more than five million Americans suffer from an acute episode of mental illness.

One-in-every-five families is affected in their lifetime by a severe mental illness, such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or major depression.

A conservative estimate is that a total of 12 percent (7.5 million) of the country's 63 million youths under age 18 have mental, behavioral or developmental disorders. Yet only one-fifth of these children and adolescents who need mental-health treatment receive it.

The treatment success rate for schizophrenia is 60 percent; for major depression, 65 percent; and for bipolar disorder, 80 percent. Comparatively, the success rate for the treatment of heart disease ranges from 41 percent to 52 percent.

The number-one reason for hospital admissions nationwide is a psychiatric condition. At any moment, almost 21 percent of all hospital beds in the United States are filled by people with a mental illness.

The total price tag of mental illnesses in the United States is $81 billion, including direct costs (hospitalizations, medications) and indirect costs (lost wages, family caregiving, losses due to suicide).

Despite media focus on the exceptions, individuals receiving treatment for schizophrenia are no more prone to violence than the general public.

On any given day, approximately 150,000 people with severe mental illness are homeless, living on the streets or in public shelters.

Roughly 80 percent to 90 percent of people with serious brain disorders are unemployed.

你平时是否有精神压抑、情绪低落、失眠、心里有压抑感、高兴不起来。对周围的人和事不感兴趣，记忆力减退，脑力迟钝，学习工作中注意力不能集中，工作效率减退,情绪沮丧、早晨心情沉重、要哭或想哭，食欲差体重减轻呢?

出现以上症状，建议及时的咨询医生，及在医生的指导下进行检查治疗。

温馨提示：精神分裂症不治疗比吃药危害更大!!!北京的中医院哪家冶精神分裂症比较好?北京德胜门精神科医院是一所真正具有中医的中医院，专业治疗抑郁症，是北京失眠症、抑郁症医院的翘楚。然后，还要唠叨一句，抑郁症如果一直自己调节都没有好转，建议是及时到医院检查治疗，抑郁症危害多多百度一下你就知道。

北京的中医院哪家冶精神分裂症比较好?北京德胜门精神科医院是一所真正具有中医的中医院，专业治疗失眠症，是北京失眠、抑郁症医院的翘楚。精神分裂症、情感性精神障碍(燥狂症、抑郁症)、儿童精神障碍、人格障碍、偏执性精神障碍、反应性精神障碍、老年精神障碍、失眠症、睡眠障碍(失眠、入睡困难、睡眠不足、经常失眠)、脑外伤所致精神障碍、阿片类药物所致精神障碍、各类神经症、癫痫所致精神障碍、慢性疼痛、性心理障碍、老年性痴呆、躯体疾病所致精神障碍、脑肿瘤所致精神障碍、镇静催眠药物所致精神障碍、精神药物过量与中毒、酒精所致精神障碍、癔症等若您有相关的精神科问题想要咨询，可以在线咨询北京精神病医院医生在线医生哦，还可以在线挂号，在线挂号就诊免排队哟。