孩子突然叛逆或是精神分裂 精神分裂治疗有3要点

小徐今年14岁，如今突然性情大变。她先是变得不爱说话，老是一个人坐着发呆，上课的时候就盯着黑板发呆，有时候盯着盯着还会情不自禁地笑出声来。

上课不听讲，课后作业也不做，学习成绩直线下滑，如今一次考试，从全班前三退到了倒数第三。

除了学习成绩下降，她的性格也变得有些古怪，特别容易发脾气，经常和同学起冲突，在家里也是经常和父母吵架，有时候甚至会动手打父母。

后来小徐总觉得同学们在背后议论她，“听见”大家评论她人品不好，长得丑。她经常感到惴惴不安，感觉有人在跟踪她，有人想要害她。

经过详细的询问和了解，小徐被诊断为精神分裂症，所幸的是，发现和诊断都很及时，程度还比较轻，可以先不住院，在门诊进行药物治疗。

小徐的父母一开始没有意识到精神分裂症是因为现阶段大家对这类精神疾病还是很陌生，所以今天我们就来讲一下精神分裂症都有哪些具体表现吧!

精神分裂症的具体表现

类神经衰弱状态：

北京德胜门中医院医生介绍：头痛、失眠、多梦易醒、做事丢三落四、注意力不集中、遗精、月经紊乱、倦怠乏力，虽有诸多不适，但苦体验，且又不主动就医。

性格改变：

一向温和沉静的人，突然变得蛮不讲理，为一点微不足道的小事就发脾气，或疑心重重，认为周围的人都跟他过不去，见到有人讲话，就怀疑在议论自己、针对自己。

情绪反常：

无故发笑，对亲人和朋友变得淡漠，疏远不理，即不关心别人，也不理会别人对他的关心，或无缘无故的紧张、焦虑、害怕。

意志减退：

一反原来积极、上进的状态，变得工作马虎，不负责任，甚至旷工，学习成绩下降，甚至逃学;或生活变得懒散，仪态不修，没有进取心，得过且过，常日高三竿而拥被不起。

行为动作异常：

一反往日热情乐观的神情为沉默不语，动作迟疑，面无表情，或呆立、呆坐、呆视，独处不爱交往，或对空叫骂，喃喃自语，或做些莫名其妙的动作，令人费解。

那么焦虑症要怎么治疗呢?

急性期治疗

急性治疗，从小剂量的药物开始，逐渐加大剂量至治疗量，一般来说在用药治疗的头2周内达到剂量，要达到控制症状的效果，一般需要6～8周。本期的治疗目标是尽力减轻和缓解急性症状，重建和恢复病人的社会功能。

稳定期治

精神分裂症的治疗方法有哪些?即维持治疗，药物维持治疗的目的为预防复发、改善患者的生活质量、减轻或减少副作用。

恢复期治疗

精神分裂症的治疗方法有哪些?也称为巩固治疗，本期继续急性期治疗的剂量，巩固治疗一般要3～6月。恢复期精神病治疗的目的是减少对病人的应激，降低复发可能性和增强病人适应社会生活的能力。

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Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by gross distortion of reality, language disturbances, fragmentation of thought and other troubling symptoms. The cost of caring for schizophrenic patients comes to more than $17 billion per year in this country -- but this figure can never capture the emotional cost borne by patients and their families. While schizophrenia is often made worse by stress, it is not caused by bad parenting, "cold" or over-involved mothers, or any other known psychological factor. Rather, schizophrenia probably stems from a combination of genetic factors, biochemical abnormalities in the brain and perhaps very early damage to the developing fetus. Nevertheless, emotional stress -- including pressure from well-meaning family members -- can make the illness worse. What can families do to help their schizophrenic relatives, and to cope with this devastating illness?

Education is certainly paramount. Many parents still blame themselves for causing their son's or daughter's illness; others accuse the afflicted family member of laziness or self-indulgence. This sort of assigning blame is founded in error, and can make matters worse for the individual with schizophrenia. For example, when a family member tells the sufferer, "You don't need those lousy medications! You need to pull yourself together and get a job!" he or she may mean well, but may actually do more harm than good. Individuals with schizophrenia virtually always need to take antipsychotic medication -- they cannot "pull themselves up by their bootstraps" through an act of will.

On the other hand, babying or coddling a family member with schizophrenia is also unhelpful. There is a realistic middle ground that can be reached through family education and support. This can come from mental-health professionals, mental-health advocacy groups and from patients themselves.

Medication and Job Counseling

Use of the latest "atypical" antipsychotic medications, such as clozapine (Clozaril) and olanzapine (Zyprexa), has made a big difference for many individuals with schizophrenia. These newer medications are better tolerated than older agents like haloperidol (Haldol) and work on a wider range of symptoms. Families can advocate for the use of these newer agents, and encourage their loved ones with schizophrenia to take their medications on a regular basis. But medication is not the whole story.

CONTINUED

While it is foolish to "push" schizophrenic individuals into high-pressure jobs for which they may not be ready, it is also unwise to assume that schizophrenia amounts to a permanent disability. Many individuals with this illness can rejoin the workforce, with appropriate vocational rehabilitation and lots of emotional support.

In fact, a recent study by Dr. R.E. Drake and colleagues at Dartmouth Medical School found that many patients get into the job market faster than was once thought. Rather than getting "stalled" in the usual sheltered workshops, the patients in this study were able to secure competitive jobs quite rapidly, and hold these jobs. This was probably because the patients received ongoing counseling, transportation assistance and help in dealing with their employers.

he Right Kind of Therapy

The right kind of psychotherapy is also important. Individuals with schizophrenia need to learn how to cope with the realities of their illness. In this regard, family members can be a tremendous help. Dr. M.I. Herz and colleagues at the University of Rochester conducted an 18-month study in 1995 of 82 schizophrenic outpatients at high risk for relapse. Forty-one patients were randomly assigned to "standard treatment" and 41 to "early-intervention treatment" (EIT). The latter consisted of weekly group or individual sessions, in which coping skills were emphasized, as well as reporting any changes in symptoms over the preceding week. Patients and family members were also taught about schizophrenia and how to recognize very early signs of a psychotic relapse.

When such signs were reported, more frequent office visits and/or adjustment of medications would occur. Results showed that patients in the standard treatment group were hospitalized for a total of 351 days, vs. only 73 days for those in EIT. Thus, family members who are educated about schizophrenia can make a big difference in the lives of their loved ones.

Finally, family members can join and support mental-health advocacy groups like the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI), which provides important services to both patients and their families.

Facts about Mental Illness

Mental illnesses are physical brain disorders that profoundly disrupt a person's ability to think, feel and relate to others and their environment.

Mental illness is more common than cancer, diabetes or heart disease.

In any given year, more than five million Americans suffer from an acute episode of mental illness.

One-in-every-five families is affected in their lifetime by a severe mental illness, such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or major depression.

A conservative estimate is that a total of 12 percent (7.5 million) of the country's 63 million youths under age 18 have mental, behavioral or developmental disorders. Yet only one-fifth of these children and adolescents who need mental-health treatment receive it.

The treatment success rate for schizophrenia is 60 percent; for major depression, 65 percent; and for bipolar disorder, 80 percent. Comparatively, the success rate for the treatment of heart disease ranges from 41 percent to 52 percent.

The number-one reason for hospital admissions nationwide is a psychiatric condition. At any moment, almost 21 percent of all hospital beds in the United States are filled by people with a mental illness.

The total price tag of mental illnesses in the United States is $81 billion, including direct costs (hospitalizations, medications) and indirect costs (lost wages, family caregiving, losses due to suicide).

Despite media focus on the exceptions, individuals receiving treatment for schizophrenia are no more prone to violence than the general public.

On any given day, approximately 150,000 people with severe mental illness are homeless, living on the streets or in public shelters.

Roughly 80 percent to 90 percent of people with serious brain disorders are unemployed.

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